This file is part of Logtalk https://logtalk.org/ SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Paulo Moura <pmoura@logtalk.org> SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2011-2015 Marcus Uneson <marcus.uneson@ling.lu.se> SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

`command_line_options`

This library provides command-line parsing predicates where command-line options are defined as objects that import the command_line_option category. Predicates are also provided for generating help text.

Parsed options are returned by default as a list of `Name(Value)terms. A parser option,output_functor(Functor)`, allows returning options as `Functor(Key, Value)` terms instead.

Adapted with significant changes from the SWI-Prolog optparse library by Marcus Uneson. Most documentation, parsing options, and help options retained from the original library. Command line options specification changed to an object-based representation. Parsing simplified, no longer using DCGs. Comprehensive set of tests added, based on documentation examples. Full portability to all supported backends.

API documentation

Open the [../../apis/library_index.html#command_line_options](../../apis/library_index.html#command_line_options) file in a web browser.

Loading

To load all entities in this library, load the loader.lgt utility file:

| ?- logtalk_load(command_line_options(loader)).

Testing

To test this library predicates, load the tester.lgt file:

| ?- logtalk_load(command_line_options(tester)).

Terminology

The terminology is partly borrowed from Python (see http://docs.python.org/library/optparse.html#terminology). Arguments are what you provide on the command line and for many Prolog systems show up as a list of atoms Args in current_prolog_flag(argv, Args). They can be divided into:

Runtime arguments, which control the Prolog runtime; conventionally terminated by --.
Options, which are key-value pairs (with a boolean value possibly implicit) intended to control your program.
Positional arguments, which are what remains after all runtime arguments and options have been removed (with implicit arguments true/false for booleans filled in).
Positional arguments are used for mandatory arguments without sensible defaults (e.g., input file names). Options offer flexibility by letting you change a default setting. This library has no notion of mandatory or required options.

Defining option objects

Define command-line options by creating objects that import the command_line_option category. Each object represents one command-line option and overrides the predicates to specify its properties.

Create an object that imports command_line_option and override the following predicates:

key/1: The key used to identify this option in the result. This predicate must be overridden.
short_flags/1: List of single-character short flags (e.g., [v] for -v). Default: [].
long_flags/1: List of long flags (e.g., [verbose] for `--verbose`). Default: [].
type/1: Option value type. One of boolean, atom, integer, float, or term. Default: term.
default/1: Default value. Optional.
meta/1: Metasyntactic variable name for help text. Default: ''.
help/1: Help text (atom or list of atoms for pre-broken lines). Default: ''.

Validating option definitions

Option objects provide two predicates for validating their definitions:

check/0: Validates the option definition, throwing an error if invalid. The validation checks:
- The key/1 predicate is defined (not just using the default).
- All short flags are single characters.
- The type is a known type (supported by the type library).
- If a default value is defined and the type is not term, the default value matches the declared type.
valid/0: Succeeds deterministically if the option definition is valid, fails otherwise. This is useful when you want to check validity without handling exceptions.
The parse/4-5 and help/2-3 predicates automatically call check/0 on all option objects before processing, ensuring invalid definitions are caught early with clear error messages.

Example:

| ?- verbose_option::check. yes

| ?- verbose_option::valid. yes

Example option objects

:- object(verbose_option,
        imports(command_line_option)).

        key(verbose).
        short_flags([v]).
        long_flags([verbosity]).
        type(integer).
        default(2).
        meta('V').
        help('verbosity level, 1 <= V <= 3').

:- end_object.

:- object(mode_option,
        imports(command_line_option)).

        key(mode).
        short_flags([m]).
        long_flags([mode]).
        type(atom).
        default('SCAN').
        help(['data gathering mode, one of',
              '  SCAN: do this',
              '  READ: do that',
              '  MAKE: fabricate numbers',
              '  WAIT: do nothing']).

:- end_object.

:- object(cache_option,
        imports(command_line_option)).

        key(cache).
        short_flags([r]).
        long_flags(['rebuild-cache']).
        type(boolean).
        default(true).
        help('rebuild cache in each iteration').

:- end_object.

:- object(outfile_option,
        imports(command_line_option)).

        key(outfile).
        short_flags([o]).
        long_flags(['output-file']).
        type(atom).
        meta('FILE').
        help('write output to FILE').

:- end_object.

% Configuration parameter without command-line flags
:- object(path_option,
        imports(command_line_option)).

        key(path).
        default('/some/file/path/').

:- end_object.

Parsing command-line arguments

Use the command_line_options object parse/4-5 predicates:

| ?- command_line_options::

parse(
[verbose_option, mode_option, cache_option, outfile_option],
['-v', '5', '-m', 'READ', '-ooutput.txt', 'input.txt'],
Options,
PositionalArguments
)

Options = [verbose(5), mode('READ'), cache(true), outfile('output.txt')], PositionalArguments = ['input.txt'].

Generating help text

Use the `command_line_options::help/2` predicate for default formatting:

| ?- command_line_options::help([verbose_option, mode_option, cache_option], Help).

Or use `command_line_options::help/3` with custom help options:

| ?- command_line_options::help([verbose_option, mode_option], Help, [line_width(100)]).

Help options

The help/3 predicate supports the following help options:

line_width(Width): Maximum line width for help text. Default: 80.
min_help_width(Width): Minimum width for help text column. Default: 40.
break_long_flags(Boolean): If true, break long flags across multiple lines. Default: false.
suppress_empty_meta(Boolean): If true (default), suppress empty metasyntactic variables in help output.

Parse options

The parse/5 predicate supports the following parse options:

output_functor(Functor): When defined, options are returned as `Functor(Key, Value)` terms instead of `Key(Value)` terms. No default.
duplicated_flags(Keep): How to handle duplicate options. One of keepfirst, keeplast, keepall. Default: keeplast.
allow_empty_flag_spec(Boolean): If true (default), options without flags are allowed (useful for configuration parameters). Set to false to raise errors on empty flags.

Notes and tips

The default type is term, which subsumes integer, float, and atom. However, always specifying types is recommended for reliable parsing and clear error messages.
-sbar is taken as `-s bar`, not as -s -b -a -r (no clustering).
-s=foo is disallowed.
Duplicate flags default to keeplast (controllable via the duplicated_flags parse option).
Unknown flags (not in the specification) will raise errors.